| One author in text |
Johnson has argued that both interpretations of the story are valued (178). Note: Location information, such as page numbers, must be given if available, both when quoting directly and with paraphrases. |
| One author in reference | Between 1968 and 1988, television coverage of presidential elections changed dramatically (Hallin 5). |
| Two authors in text | Others, like Jakobson and Waugh (210-11), hold the opposite point of view. |
| Multiple authors in reference | The dystopian concept resonates deeply with readers (Rabkin, Greenberg, and Olander vii). |
| Multivolume work |
When referring to a specific page reference in a multivolume work, follow this format: (Author Last name Volume number: page numbers) Some believe this stance to be antiquated (Greene 2: 1-10). When referring to an entire volume of a multivolume work, follow this format: (Author Last name, vol. number) Between 1945 and 1972, the political party system underwent profound changes (Schelsinger, vol. 4, 3-7). |
| Work with no author in reference |
Give the full title or an abbreviated version of the title: International espionage was as prevalent as ever in the 1990s ("Decade" 27). Note: In this example, "Decade" is an abbreviated form of the full title, "Decade of the Spy." |
| Corporate author |
Preferred form (include the corporate author in text): According to a study sponsored by the National Research Council, the population of China around 1990 was increasing by more than fifteen million annually (15). Alternate form (corporate author in reference, may abbreviate): Around 1990, the population of China was increasing by more than fifteen million annually (Natl. Research Council 15). |
| Two or more works by the same author, in reference |
(Author's Last name, Title of Work page numbers) Shakespeare's King Lear has been called "a comedy of the grotesque" (Frye, Anatomy 237). |
| Two or more works by the same author, in text | Northrop Frye considers Shakespeare's King Lear a "comedy of the grotesque" (Anatomy 237). |
| Indirect source in reference |
Use this format when citing material obtained secondhand and not directly from a source: Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was an "extraordinary man" (qtd. in Boswell 2:450). |
| Multiple works in a single reference |
Use a semicolon to separate multiple works cited in a single parenthetical reference, (First work Author Last name page number; Second work Author Last name page number) Longitudinal studies show these findings are valid (Fukuyama 42; McRae 101-03). Digital media enhances creativity (Craner 308-11; Moulthrop, pars. 39-53). |
| Direct quotation in text, under 4 lines |
If a direct quotation is under 4 lines, incorporate it into the text, placing the quotation between quotation marks. Include the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation, before the period. Riedling writes that “students who are information literate operate comfortably in situations where there are multiple answers” (5). |
| Direct quotation in text, 4 lines or more. |
Quotations of 4 lines or more must be set off from the text and should begin on a new line. Indent the quotation one inch from the left margin, and type it double-spaced. Do not use quotation marks. Include the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation, after the period. In reference to the Kerala tradition, Blackburn writes that: |
| Citing a work without page numbers |
If a source does not include page numbers, but does provide explicit paragraph or section numbers, cite these. In these situations, include a comma after the author’s name. “Eagleton has belittled the gains of postmodernism” (Chan, par. 41). When a source has no page numbers or any other kind of reference numbers, no number is given in the parenthetical citation. The utilitarianism of the Victorians “attempted to reduce decision-making about human actions to a ‘felicific calculus’” (Everett). |
| Bible, Qu'ran, or other common source |
Add edition information to the first parenthetical citation for a common source such as The Bible. In one of the most vivid prophetic visions in the Bible, Ezekiel saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with the faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10). |
| Common literature source |
Add information (such as chapter and section numbers) that would help a reader locate the quotation in any edition of the work. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft recollects many “women who, not led by degrees to proper studies, and not permitted to choose for themselves, have indeed been overgrown children” (185; ch. 13, sec. 2). |
1. Use a signal phrase and a direct quotation. A signal phrase may introduce the author (first and last name for first mention) in a lead-in sentence with a direct quotation, and then place the page number in parenthesis at the end.
Ex.: Michael Pollan explains that "the apple, like the settlers themselves, had to forsake its former domestic life and return to the wild before it could be reborn as an American" (13).
2. Use a signal phrase and a direct quotation and then place the author's last name and the page number in parenthesis at the end (no comma goes between them).
Ex.: One writer explains that "the apple like the settlers themselves, had to forsake its former domestic life and return to the wild before it could be reborn as an American" (Pollan 13).
3. Use a signal phrase and a paraphrase to do the same as the two examples above, but without quotation marks, since you will restate the author's ideas in your own words. The use of paraphrase is considered an indirect quotation.
Ex.: Michael Pollan compares the apple to the settler, because both required an experience in the wild in order to fully express the American experience (13).
Ex.: One writer compares the apple to the settler, because both required an experience in the wild in order to fully express the American experience (Pollan 13).
All of these in-text citations would correspond to a citation on your works cited page for:
Pollan, Michael. The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World . New York: Random House, 2001. Print.
What is an in-text citation?
In an in-text citation, the author's name appears in a sentence and not in parentheses. Please note that in MLA citing, page numbers (if available) usually go in parentheses. This is the same whether paraphrasing or quoting.
Examples:
Andersen argued this point (27-32)
Mills wrote that "turnout was poor during the early morning hours" (109).
What is a parenthetical citation?
A parenthetical citation (also called "in reference") is one where the required information is placed in parentheses.
Examples:
Only 17% of students agreed with the decision (Thomas 97).
During her second year as instructor, attendance "increased by leaps and bounds" (Gerou 21).
In-text or parenthetical citations and the works cited list -
Please note that in-text and / or parenthetical citations must parallel the works cited entries. She the examples below -- parallel elements are in red.
| In-text/parenthetical citations | Works Cited |
| Garber writes that "dark chocolate hasn't had a glass of Merlot since it saw Sideways." |
Garber, Megan. "Milk Chocolate is Better than Dark, the End." The Atlantic, 27 Oct. 2016, www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/10/milk-chocolate-is-better-than-dark-chocolate-the-end/505511/. |
| While chewing is normal and has health benefits for dogs, they need to be taught what they can chew and what they can't ("Destructive Chewing"). |
"Destructive Chewing." ASPCA, www.aspca.org/pet-care/dog-care/common-dog-behavior-issues/destructive-chewing. |
| Duckworth writes that cadets with high scores are as likely to drop out of West Point as cadets with low scores (6). |
Duckworth, Angela. Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance. Scribner, 2018. |